9. The Rising and Falling Intonations with でしょう・だろう
lit trans – right? isn’t/wasn’t it?
(used as a tag question at the end of a phrase/sentence in short form)
でしょう used by females and だろう used by males
in casual situations, the final う can be omitted
-a rising intonation (?) indicates the speaker wanting the receiver/hearer to reply a confirmation
-a falling intonation (./!) indicates the speaker’s conjecture as speculation or a guess
10. noun が みられる
-can be interpreted in two ways:
i. as the potential form: one can observe/see
ii. as the passive form: something is observed by ‘x’
(what passive form basically does is make the subject as receiving the action rather than doing the action – it is used when the one receiving the action is more important and should be emphasized)
ex: active form – the professor teaches the students
passive form – the students are taught by the professor
ex: 最近、若い人の間で言葉の使い方に変化が見られる。
Recently, amongst young people, the change in their usage of words can/is be observed.
ex: あいさつの仕方にも文化の違いが見られます。
The way to greet can be/is also observed from the difference in cultures.
11. verb よう に なる
lit trans – gradual change of ‘verb’ over a period of time to the point where one can/can’t/does/doesn’t do it
pattern: [verb in short present tense form] + ようになる
*for negative: two ways to express
– [verb in negative short form and omit finalい] + くなる = implies that the change has past and completed
– [verb in negative short form] + ようになる = implies that it was a gradual change
*generally the verb will be dictionary or potential form
ex: スポツジームに行くようになってから、毎朝、早く起きるようになりました。
After getting into going to the gym, I have come to the point to waking up early every morning.
ex: 年をとると両親の理由や考えがよく分かるようになりました。
As I get older, I have come to better understand my parents’ reasons and thoughts/considerations.
ex: タバコがすえる場所が少なくなってきたので、だんだんタバコをすわないようになった。
Because places to be able to smoke have been made few up until now, it has gradually became no smoking.
ex: 友達ががんで死んでから、タバコ をすわなくなった。
After my friend passed away from cancer, I have stopped smoking.
12. また （～も）
lit trans – 1. again; once again「また」 2. also; additionally; moreover「また、～も」
また as in again; once again has a rising intonation
また、～も as in also; additionally; moreover has a lowering intonation
pattern: [situation] 。/、 また、[current situation]。
if it is type 2, there will be a も
ex: 四国はとてもいい所だったから、また行きたいと思います。
Shikoku was such a great place, I think I want to go there again.
ex: この辞書は大学の本屋で買えます。また、図書館で借りることも出来ます。
This dictionary can be bought at the college bookstore. Additionally, it can also be borrowed at the library.
13. Expressing necessity/need
1. it is necessary to do ‘verb’; must do ‘verb’ OR
2. it is not necessary to do ‘verb’; there is no need to do ‘verb’
pattern: [explanatory phrase with verb in short form present tense] + 必要 + [１．がある／２．はない」。
ex: 海外旅行に行く前にパスポートを取る必要があります。
Before going to travel abroad, it is necessary to get a passport.
ex: 量に住めば、食堂でご飯が食べられるから、自分で料理する必要はありません。
If you live in the dormitories, you can eat food at the cafeteria, so there is no need to cook your own meals.
14. X ～ 場合（は/には）
場合is a noun, meaning situation/case/occasion
-if made into a subject noun that is modified, it serves the same purpose as [phrase/nounの/(なadj) な] 時, a statement that presents a time as in an ‘x’ case
*if the situation is a specific time and does not express case/occasion/situation, then it can’t be used
pattern: [phrase/nounの/(なadj) な/demonstrative adj: あの、その、この] + 場合
ex: 東京に来る場合は、連絡してください。会いに行きますから。
The moment you come to Tokyo, please contact me, as I will go and meet you.
ex: 火事や地震の場合には、エレベーターを使わないでください。
Situations like a fire or an earthquake, please do not use the elevators.
15. Indicate that A is wrong, and B is right
lit trans – not A, but B
pattern: A [では／じゃなく(て)] B。
both A and B can be nouns for phrases
ex: 私が取っているのは、中国ではなくて日本語です。
The class I am taking is not Chinese, but Japanese.
ex: 先生には、「じゃあ、また」ではなくて、「失礼します」と言わなくてはいけません。
Do not say “later” to the teacher, but “I will excuse myself.”
16. [何・いく] + counter word + か
lit trans – some of ‘x’ (about 5 or less) – the speaker is being more specific of what the some things are
ex of counter words:
small animals 匹 ひき
electronics, cars 台 だい
*people: always use 何人 なんにん
bound items 冊 さつ
small items 個 こ
long cylindrical items 本 ほん
sheets 枚 まい
stand alone counter of small items いくつ
ex: 何冊か OR いく冊か some books
ex: 今日は、雪で授業を休んだ人が何人いたそうです。
As for today, it seems the snow made some people absent for class.
ex: お土産にＴシャツを何枚か買った。
For souvenirs, I bought a few T-shirts.
credits: Tobira textbook