5. lit. trans: equal or more than X; equal or less than X
pattern: 「number and counter word OR demonstrative pronoun これ・それ」 + 「以上／以下」 + 「の noun」
健康のためには、毎日６時間以上寝るようにしたほうがいいそうだ。
For the purpose to be healthy, it is good to sleep at least six hours.
あまりお金がないので、プレゼントは５０ドル以下の物にしようと思う。
Because I do not have much money, a present less than 50 dollars will do I believe.
6. lit. trans: if Y, only X; just as long as Y, only X
pattern: 「noun」+「さえ」+「verb in ばform」、「X」。
一緒に住んでくれるルームマートさえ見つかれば、いつでもひっこせる。
If I can find a roommate to live with, I can move anytime.
雪さえふらなければ、車の運転はこわくない。 As long as it doesn’t snow, it is not scary to drive.
7. lit. trans: at last; finally
implies that after a long time with effort, it finally happened/not happened
usually, the next sentence would then explain the speaker’s feeling
pattern: ついに (use as an adverb)
４年間がんばって勉強して、ついに卒業の日が来た。うれしいけれど、ちょっとさびしい。
For four years, I did my best studying, and finally, graduation day came. I am happy but a little sad.
兄は長い間がんばってきたが、ついにプロのプットボール選手になるゆめをあきらめた。
For a long time my brother did his best, but finally gave up his dream of becoming a pro-football player.
8. lit. trans: the x-ization; to x-ize
pattern: 「noun OR のadj」+化 +「する」
if you add かする ＝ to x~ize; to become/change/make to x
if you add 化 ＝ the x~ization; making/becoming/changing to
カタカナ化 katakana-ization -vs- カタカナ化する katakana-ize
日本の有名な小説がハリウッドで映画化されることになった。
A famous Japanese novel was made into a film by Hollywood.
「デスノート」というマンガはアニメ化もゲーム化もされました。
The manga, Deathnote, was made into an animation and a game as well.
9. lit. trans: however unexpectedly/surprisingly (an event/action that the speaker cannot control)
pattern: 「sentence¹」。ところが、「sentence²」。
予報は、今日は雨だと言っていた。ところが、とてもいい天気になった。
The weather report said that it would rain today; however, it was a wonderful day.
山田：旅行どうだった？ Yamada: How was the trip?
田中：セーツケースを持って空港まで行ったんだ。ところが、飛行機がキャンセルになって行けなくなっちゃった。
Tanaka: I took my luggage and went to the airport;however, the flight became canceled so I regrettably
could not go.
10. lit. trans: it must be; I am certain/sure that/sure to ‘verb’ [in regards to the speaker’s opinion]
*this pattern is only in writing
pattern: 「phrase」+ に違いない
there are no short form particles for present tense affirmative for nouns and なadjectives
*if you want to express this form in speech, add afterwards: だね、でしょうね、よね、ですね
あの二人はとてもなかがよかったから、卒業した後、結婚したに違いない。
Those two get along really well together, I am sure that after graduation, they got married.
昨日、弟の友達がたくさん来ていたから、このゲームをこわしたのは、弟達に違いない。
A lot of my brother’s friends had come over yesterday, I am sure that they broke this game.
DO NOT use this as ‘x is made FROM y’
ex: アイスクリームは牛乳をもとにして作られた。does not make sense; Ice cream is NOT based on milk, but MADE FROM milk.. It would be better to use: ~からできる format